Trong tiếng Anh, liên từ là các từ nối có nhiệm vụ chính là liên
kết hai phần khác biệt của một câu. Có hai loại liên từ là: liên từ đẳng lập và
liên từ phụ thuộc.
1. Liên từ kết hợp (coordinating conjunctions)
- Dùng
loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại,
hoặc những mệnh
đề ngang hàng nhau (tính
từ với tính
từ, danh
từ vớidanh
từ …)
- Gồm
có: for, and, nor, but, or, yet
- Ví
dụ:
She is a good and loyal wife.
Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in debt.
He is intelligent but very lazy.
She says she does not love me, yet I still love her.
We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam.
He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in debt.
He is intelligent but very lazy.
She says she does not love me, yet I still love her.
We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam.
He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
• Chú ý: khi dùng liên từ kết hợp để nối hai mệnh
đề, chúng ta thêm dấu phẩy saumệnh
đề thứ nhất trước liên từ
Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble
meeting the academic requirements.
2. Tương liên từ (correlative conjunctions)
- Một
vài liên từ thường kết hợp với các từ khác để tạo thành các tương liên từ.
Chúng thường được sử dụng theo cặp để liên kết các cụm từ hoặc mệnh
đềcó chức năng tương đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp
- Gồm
có: both . . . and…(vừa….vừa…), not only . . . but also… (không chỉ…mà
còn…), not . . . but, either . . . or (hoặc ..hoặc..), neither . . . nor
(không….cũng không…), whether . . . or , as . . . as, no sooner…. than…(vừa
mới….thì…)
- Ví
dụ:
They learn both English and French.
He drinks neither wine nor beer.
I like playing not only tennis but also football.
I don’t have either books or notebooks.
I can’t make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down.
He drinks neither wine nor beer.
I like playing not only tennis but also football.
I don’t have either books or notebooks.
I can’t make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down.
3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions)
- Loại
liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh
đề có chức năng khác nhau – mệnh
đề phụ với mệnh
đề chính trong câu.
- Ví
dụ như các liên từ sau và nghĩa kèm theo của chúng:
As
1. Bởi vì: As he is my friend, I will help him.
2. Khi: We watched as the plane took off.
2. Khi: We watched as the plane took off.
After: sau khi
After the train left, we went home.
Although/ though: mặc dù
Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.
Before: trước khi
I arrived before the stores were open.
Because: bởi vì
We had to wait, because we arrived early.
For: bởi vì
He is happy, for he enjoys his work.
If: nếu,
giá như
If she is here, we will see her.
Lest: sợ rằng
I watched closely, lest he make a
mistake.
All will be well, providing you are careful.
Since
1. Từ khi: I have been here since the sun rose.
2. Bởi vì: Since you are here, you can help me.
2. Bởi vì: Since you are here, you can help me.
So/ so that
1. Bởi vậy: It was raining, so we did not go out.
2. Để (= in order that): I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.
2. Để (= in order that): I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.
Supposing (= if)
Supposing that happens, what will you do?
Than: so với
He is taller than you are.
Unless: trừ
khi
Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
Until/ till: cho đến khi
I will wait until I hear from you.
Whereas
1. Bởi vì: Whereas this is a public building, it is open
to everyone.
2. Trong khi (ngược lại): He is short, whereas you are tall.
2. Trong khi (ngược lại): He is short, whereas you are tall.
Whether: hay không
I do not know whether she was invited.
While
1. Khi: While it was snowing, we played cards.
2. Trong khi (ngược lại): He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. Mặc dù: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
2. Trong khi (ngược lại): He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. Mặc dù: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
As if /As though = in a similar
way
She talks as if she knows everything.
It looks as though there will be a storm.
As long as: miễn là
As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
As soon as: ngay
khi
Write to me as soon as you can.
In case: Trong trường hợp…
Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
Or else = otherwise: nếu không thì
Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.
So as to = in order to: để
I hurried so as to be on time.
Chú ý: Ngoài liên từ, chúng ta có thể sử dụng các trạng
từ liên kết như therefore, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, hence,
furthermore, consequently…
Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:
We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by
traffic.
I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best.
We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset.
I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best.
We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset.